Masculinity as a Moderator of the Relation between COVID-19 Change in Employment and Alcohol Use among Women

Principal Author
Neha Shrestha
Graduate

Co-Author(s)
Dr. Jessica Perrotte, Dr. Krista Howard

Faculty Sponsor(s)
Dr. Jessica Perrotte

Abstract

Job loss and alcohol use increased for U.S. women during COVID-19. The relationship between pandemic-related job loss and drinking among women is understudied, although research indicates joblessness and alcohol use are related. Alcohol use is linked to masculinity. Women adopt masculine traits as they increasingly participate in traditionally male-dominated occupations. Women with masculine identities may engage in more alcohol use when they experience an adverse Change In Employment (CIE). To examine this, we used data from U.S. women collected online during April-May 2020, measured alcohol use (modified AUDIT; Saunders, 1993), four masculinity dimensions (Hsu & Iwamoto, 2014): Winning, Risk-Taking, Self-Reliance, and Primacy of Work, and pandemic-related change in employment. We controlled for age and education level. Moderated multiple regression was conducted using SPSS 26. Self-Reliance and Winning were related to more alcohol use. There was a significant interaction between CIE and both Winning and Risk-Taking in relation to alcohol use. This study emphasizes that U.S. women who endorse masculine identities are more at risk of drinking. Our study is evidence that even though masculinity among women is an understudied factor, it plays a significant role in understanding the relationship between unemployment and the risk of drinking.

View Larger Size

692 thoughts on “Masculinity as a Moderator of the Relation between COVID-19 Change in Employment and Alcohol Use among Women

  1. Nice post. I was checking continuously this blog and I’m impressed!
    Very useful info specially the last part 🙂 I care for such information a lot.
    I was looking for this particular information for a long time.
    Thank you and good luck.

    Also visit my web site https://heylink.me/Slotdeno-_

  2. Greetings! Very useful advice within this article!
    It’s the little changes that make the greatest changes.
    Many thanks for sharing!

    My web-site slot bni

  3. Definitely believe that which you stated. Your favorite reason appeared to
    be on the net the easiest thing to be aware of. I say to you, I
    definitely get annoyed while people consider worries
    that they just do not know about. You managed to hit the nail upon the top and defined out the whole thing without
    having side effect , people could take a signal.
    Will likely be back to get more. Thanks

    Also visit my blog post … https://heylink.me/Sundulqq-_

  4. Greetings from Ohio! I’m bored at work so I decided to check out your site on my iphone during lunch break.
    I love the information you present here and can’t wait to take a look
    when I get home. I’m shocked at how quick your blog
    loaded on my mobile .. I’m not even using WIFI,
    just 3G .. Anyhow, very good blog!

    Feel free to visit my web page games228

  5. Howdy very nice website!! Man .. Beautiful .. Wonderful ..
    I will bookmark your website and take the feeds also?
    I’m glad to seek out so many useful info here in the
    publish, we’d like develop more techniques in this regard, thank you for sharing.
    . . . . .

    my blog post – pharmacies

  6. Hi, this weekend is fastidious designed for me, because this moment i am reading
    this impressive educational article here at my home.

    My web-site pharmacies

  7. Someone essentially assist to make seriously articles I’d state.
    This is the very first time I frequented
    your website page and up to now? I amazed with the
    analysis you made to create this particular publish incredible.
    Wonderful process!

    Feel free to visit my website; canada pharmacy

  8. Stem Cell Therapy in the USA in 2024: Balancing Costs and Life-Changing Benefits

    Stem cell therapy has emerged as a revolutionary medical procedure, offering
    hope to patients across the United States and beyond. This
    innovative treatment involves injecting stem cells—immature, self-renewing cells—into targeted areas of the body to
    promote healing and regeneration. In recent years, its popularity
    has surged, not only as a treatment for serious illnesses but also
    as a preventative and regenerative option. However, as a cutting-edge
    technology, stem cell therapy comes with a significant price tag, making it essential for patients to weigh its costs against its transformative potential.

    At our clinic, we believe in empowering patients with clear, actionable information. This article explores the factors driving
    stem cell therapy costs in the USA, highlights its remarkable benefits, and offers practical guidance for choosing the
    right clinic—without breaking the bank.

    Why Stem Cell Therapy Is a Game-Changer

    Stem cell therapy has demonstrated impressive success in treating a range of conditions, from blood-related cancers to autoimmune diseases.

    Its most notable achievements include high success rates in managing aplastic
    anemia, immunodeficiencies, and cancers like leukemia, where hematopoietic
    stem cell transplants replace damaged cells after intensive treatment.
    Beyond these, researchers are exploring its potential for conditions such
    as type 1 diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral
    sclerosis (ALS), heart failure, and osteoarthritis.

    The promise of stem cell therapy lies in its ability to regenerate tissues and restore function, offering patients a chance at improved quality of life.

    However, with innovation comes cost, and understanding the financial aspects is key to making informed decisions.

    What Drives the Cost of Stem Cell Therapy?

    In the USA, the cost of stem cell therapy varies widely,
    ranging from $5,000 to $500,000 depending on the
    treatment specifics. The most common price range for a single session falls between $10,000
    and $20,000. Several factors influence these costs:

    Type and Source of Stem Cells: Options like umbilical cord cells or mesenchymal
    stem cells differ in price and application.
    Condition Being Treated: More complex conditions, such as spinal injuries
    or advanced cancers, require higher doses or multiple sessions.

    Location of the Facility: Clinics in major U.S.
    cities often charge more due to overhead and demand.

    For example:

    Knee or hip injuries: $5,000–$10,000
    Spinal conditions: $10,000–$20,000
    Anti-aging treatments: $5,000–$15,000

    Beyond the procedure itself, patients should anticipate additional expenses such as diagnostic tests, follow-up visits,
    and supportive therapies. For international
    patients traveling to the USA, travel and accommodation costs
    further increase the total investment.
    The Process: What to Expect

    At our clinic, we prioritize transparency and personalized care.
    The stem cell therapy process typically involves:

    Initial Assessment: A thorough physical examination and symptom review
    to confirm eligibility and establish a diagnosis.

    Diagnostic Testing: For complex cases, advanced imaging
    like CT scans or MRIs may be required to tailor the treatment plan.
    Cost Estimation: After assessing the patient’s condition and determining the stem cell type and dosage, we provide a detailed cost breakdown.

    The severity and duration of the condition play a significant role in pricing.
    For instance, early-stage osteoarthritis might require fewer stem cells and
    sessions compared to advanced joint degeneration, resulting in a lower overall cost.

    Hidden Costs to Consider

    While the quoted price for stem cell therapy is a starting point,
    hidden costs can add up. Diagnostic tests, often performed at
    external facilities, are rarely included in initial estimates.

    Travel and lodging expenses also apply, particularly for
    patients seeking treatment abroad or across state lines.
    Our clinic advises patients to factor these into their budget for a realistic financial plan.
    Insurance and Stem Cell Therapy

    In the USA, insurance coverage for stem cell therapy remains limited.
    Most private insurers do not cover these treatments, deeming them
    experimental. However, Medicare offers partial coverage for FDA-approved procedures like hematopoietic and autologous stem cell transplants, primarily for blood-related cancers.
    Patients should consult their insurance provider to explore available options.

    Affordable Alternatives: Stem Cell Therapy Abroad

    For those deterred by high costs in the USA, international clinics offer a
    compelling alternative. Countries like Serbia, Thailand, and the Philippines provide high-quality stem cell therapy at significantly lower prices—often without sacrificing technology or
    expertise. At the IM Clinic in Belgrade, Serbia, for
    example, patients can access both therapeutic and anti-aging stem cell treatments at
    a fraction of U.S. prices. Beyond affordability, Serbia’s rich culture
    and tranquil landscapes create an ideal setting for recovery, blending medical care with a restorative experience.

    Choosing the Right Clinic

    Selecting a clinic for stem cell therapy requires careful consideration. To ensure quality and affordability, we recommend:

    Researching Credentials: Verify the clinic’s certifications, experience,
    and success rates.
    Comparing Costs: Request detailed quotes from multiple providers to assess value.

    Checking Stem Cell Sources: Confirm the types (e.g., mesenchymal,
    umbilical cord) and their appropriateness for your condition.
    Accounting for Hidden Costs: Include diagnostics, travel, and follow-up care in your budget.

    At the IM Clinic, we pride ourselves on offering cutting-edge
    treatments with clear pricing and a patient-centered approach,
    making advanced care accessible to all.
    The Future of Stem Cell Therapy

    Stem cell therapy stands at the forefront of medical innovation, offering life-changing possibilities for patients
    with chronic and degenerative conditions. While costs in the USA remain a hurdle, affordable options abroad and strategic
    planning can make this transformative treatment attainable.

    If you’re ready to explore how stem cell therapy can enhance your health, contact the IM Clinic in Belgrade, Serbia.

    Our expert team is here to guide you through every step—from consultation to
    recovery—delivering world-class care in a supportive environment.
    Take the first step toward a healthier future today.

    https://inspo.wiki/index.php/Stem_Cell_48e

  9. Thanks for finally writing about > Masculinity as a Moderator of the
    Relation between COVID-19 Change in Employment and Alcohol Use among
    Women – Psychology Student Poster Showcase canadian pharmacies

  10. Very nice post. I just stumbled upon your blog and wanted
    to say that I have really enjoyed surfing around your blog posts.
    In any case I will be subscribing to your rss feed
    and I hope you write again very soon!

    Feel free to visit my page … 텐텐벳주소

  11. May I just say what a relief to find a person that
    genuinely understands what they’re discussing on the web.

    You actually know how to bring an issue to light and make it important.
    More people really need to read this and understand this side of your story.
    I can’t believe you are not more popular since you definitely possess the gift.

    Here is my site: kra43.at

  12. deprem farkındalığı meb

    The other day, while I was at work, my cousin stole my apple ipad and tested to see if it can survive
    a 40 foot drop, just so she can be a youtube sensation. My iPad
    is now broken and she has 83 views. I know this is completely
    off topic but I had to share it with someone!

  13. Nice blog! Is your theme custom made or did you download it from somewhere?
    A design like yours with a few simple tweeks would really make my blog shine.
    Please let me know where you got your design. Kudos

    My blog: online medicine to buy

  14. Admiring the hard work you put into your website and in depth
    information you provide. It’s awesome to come across a blog every once
    in a while that isn’t the same out of date rehashed information. Fantastic read!

    I’ve bookmarked your site and I’m including your RSS
    feeds to my Google account.

    my webpage – hair transplant istanbul

  15. I am really delighted to read this weblog posts which consists of lots of helpful information, thanks for providing such information.

    Look at my page … sevenbrains

  16. Wonderful website you have here but I was curious about if you knew of any discussion boards that cover the same topics discussed here?

    I’d really like to be a part of online community where I can get
    responses from other experienced individuals that share the same interest.
    If you have any recommendations, please let me know. Cheers!

    Look into my website … Law Firm Ireland

  17. prinz umzüge

    This design is spectacular! You certainly know how to keep a reader amused.
    Between your wit and your videos, I was almost moved to start my own blog (well, almost…HaHa!) Great job.
    I really enjoyed what you had to say, and more than that,
    how you presented it. Too cool!

  18. This post has me thinking about the fight for equality and
    justice for Black people. We need to make sure that
    our voices are heard and that we are treated fairly.
    We must fight for our rights, and make sure that our stories are not forgotten. Let’s take the time to take care of ourselves,
    too – a In-Home Couples Massage is the perfect way to relax and recharge.

  19. Do you have a spam issue on this blog; I
    also am a blogger, and I was wanting to know your situation; many of us have created some nice practices and we are
    looking to trade strategies with other folks, please shoot me an email if interested.

    Take a look at my website :: asian esscort

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Skip to toolbar