Masculinity as a Moderator of the Relation between COVID-19 Change in Employment and Alcohol Use among Women
Principal Author
Neha Shrestha
Graduate
Co-Author(s)
Dr. Jessica Perrotte, Dr. Krista Howard
Faculty Sponsor(s)
Dr. Jessica Perrotte
Abstract
Job loss and alcohol use increased for U.S. women during COVID-19. The relationship between pandemic-related job loss and drinking among women is understudied, although research indicates joblessness and alcohol use are related. Alcohol use is linked to masculinity. Women adopt masculine traits as they increasingly participate in traditionally male-dominated occupations. Women with masculine identities may engage in more alcohol use when they experience an adverse Change In Employment (CIE). To examine this, we used data from U.S. women collected online during April-May 2020, measured alcohol use (modified AUDIT; Saunders, 1993), four masculinity dimensions (Hsu & Iwamoto, 2014): Winning, Risk-Taking, Self-Reliance, and Primacy of Work, and pandemic-related change in employment. We controlled for age and education level. Moderated multiple regression was conducted using SPSS 26. Self-Reliance and Winning were related to more alcohol use. There was a significant interaction between CIE and both Winning and Risk-Taking in relation to alcohol use. This study emphasizes that U.S. women who endorse masculine identities are more at risk of drinking. Our study is evidence that even though masculinity among women is an understudied factor, it plays a significant role in understanding the relationship between unemployment and the risk of drinking.
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This was a very informative and interesting study! I had never thought or even heard about alcohol being associated with masculinity. Based on the evidence from the study, it is very unfortunate that COVID-19 heavily affected alcohol use and job loss for women.
I like that this is a relevant topic about today’s society. As a woman, this is double interesting because it very much makes me think about gender in today’s current climate with everything going on.
I have never thought about comparing these two factors together. But I love that this study was done because it is looking at another demographic that might not fit the “norm.” It makes you question what might be the outcome if you looked at it in the opposite of male’s presenting more feminine traits when it comes to job loss
This is a very interesting study. It is neat to see how much you can relate masculinity to differing things including drinking.
Thank you for analyzing a factor in Women that is usually overlooked. There are nuances that shouldn’t be ignored and sexism and gendered behaviors are important to discuss in terms of how that affects lives.
I knew that women would adopt masculine traits as they spend more time around men but I did not know that it could possibly have an effect on their drinking or at least put them at risk of drinking. This was a pretty interesting study!
This study really interested me and opened my eyes. Although I have heard that men typically consume alcohol more than women, I had not deeply considered why that may be. This study made me consider how gender norms influence the behavior of alcohol use. Men who follow the norms place importance on self reliance and having a competitive edge which are desires that can be heavy stressors. Stress leads to a coping mechanism such as consuming alcohol. It was intriguing to me that women who relate to such masculine traits like risk taking exhibit higher consumption of alcohol.
This is a well done study! I never would have thought to find a correlation between these two ideas. Interesting findings !
Very interesting! During covid there was in increase in alcohol consumption and looking at the research I understand how job loss in women can cause more alcohol consumption.
This was very interesting research done. I was in the Army for 8 years and did engage in way too much drinking and very risk-taking behaviors that are more associated with masculine traits. I did it subconsciously because I wanted to fit in with my male battle buddies and be accepted as one of the guys.
This study is so interesting because I have never thought to compare the two in regard to masculine identities and male dominated occupations with alcohol use. Such a great research topic!
This is a fascinating discovery as this topic is something I never usually think of. The research was well done. The idea that women working in traditionally male-dominated occupations develop masculine characteristics is such an interesting take.
I find it fascinating that the graphs show how winning has a more direct effect on alcohol use what while risk taking shows a point that crosses, which I think made a lot of sense and help put this into perspective. I do find that the data makes a lot of sense and this is definitely a topic to further explore
Fascinating study. This specific topic hasn’t really been looked upon and is definitely unique. Awesome job in delving deep into the specifics of it.
It is very interesting to see that masculinity and femininity can affect both male and female. Masculinity/patriarchy has a huge effect on society in all aspects of life and it’s evident all around in the workplace, in the home, businesses, politics, etc. But I didn’t realize that it causes higher alcohol use in females that endorse masculine identities.
I have never looked into this relationship but, it does not surprise me that women turn to more masculine stereotypes to fit into the norm. It is sad, your research was very beneficial especially during the crazy we call normal.
I think this study is interesting because I never thought the more independant women became the more they would drink or become more at risk for drinking. It is interesting to see the statistics on this topic
Hi Laney, thank you for your comment. Even though the study does not imply that independence and alcohol use are correlated, I think it is interesting to see how women might endorse masculine traits to fit into male-dominated occupations. Certain masculine traits like risk-taking are related to higher alcohol use risk for both women or men who endorse such traits.
I’ve never given it thought that alcohol use could be correlated to masculinity, however, I figured that job loss could result in increased alcohol use. What an interesting study!
Thank you! 🙂 Yes, studies across cultures suggest that masculinity is associated with alcohol use. To name a few such studies, we have Lemle & Mishkind (1989), Rashav et al. (2006), Van Gundy et al. (2005), and Perrotte & Zamboanga (2019).
What an interesting array of factors to study. I see the effect of COVID-19 as impactful on the state of employment for women as the previously-established patriarchy would further benefit masculine features within economic turmoil.
Thank you! Patriarchy has definitely affected the disproportion of unemployment rates between men and women. You might find this article interesting: https://www.catalyst.org/research/covid-effect-gender-racial-equality/
Fascinating study. The relationship between masculinity in women and these behaviors is very interesting. Studying the effects of identity on issues such as risk of drinking is very important.
Thank you, Dr. Osborne. Most of the previous studies have only focused on masculinity in men. As more researchers start to understand that men and women can endorse both masculinity and femininity, we hope to learn about and investigate masculinity in women and their risky alcohol use behaviors.